Real-time MRI Study of Human Beatboxing
The video and audio on this page were acquired from an articulatory study of `human beatboxing:' the use of vocal organs to imitate percussion instruments. These data offer insights into ways that articulators normally used to produce speech are recruited and coordinated in this style of musical performance. Some of the findings are reported in a 2013 article in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
Modern beatboxing was pioneered by New York artists including Doug E. Fresh and Darren Robinson, imitating the sounds of the synthetic drum machines used in hip hop production at the time, such as the TR-808 Rhythm Composer (Roland Corporation, 1980) and the LM-1 Drum Computer (Linn Electronics, 1982). Artists such as Biz Markie, Rahzel and Felix Zenger have advanced the art form by extending the repertoire of percussion sounds that are emulated, the complexity of the performance, and the ability to create impressions of polyphony through the integrated production of percussion with a bass line or sung lyrics.
Real-time Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rtMRI) was used to examine mechanisms of sound production by an American male beatbox artist. This method allows us to visualize (with synchronous audio) movement in all parts of the performer's vocal tract, from the upper trachea to the lips, including the pharynx, velum and nasal cavity. Because the scan plane passes through the middle of larynx, openning and closing of the vocal folds can also be observed.
Here is a sample of the artist's sound production, an excerpt from SPAN's original "Diva and Emcee" clip (see also an rtMRI artistic production by a soprano singer):
The subject's repertoire included percussion elements generated using a wide range of articulatory and airstream mechanisms. Many of the same mechanisms observed in human speech production were exploited for musical effect, including patterns of articulation that do not occur in the phonologies of the artist's native languages: ejectives, clicks and implosives.
Bass/Kick Drum Effects
Kick drum effects were all produced as bilabial ejectives.
'Punchy' kick [pf'ːʌ̥]
Initial posture
Larynx lowers
Glottis closes
Ejection
Final posture
'Thud' kick [p'ɪ̥]
Initial posture
Larynx lowers
Glottis closes
Ejection
Final posture
'808' kick [p'ʊ̥]
Initial posture
Larynx lowers
Glottis closes
Ejection
Final posture
Snare Drum Effects
Three different snare drum effects were demonstrated by the subject, each produced with different articulatory and airstream mechanisms: a click, an ejective affricate, and a pulmonic egressive dorsal stop-fricative sequence.'Clap' snare [ŋǀ]
Lingual seal
Palatal rarefaction
Anterior release
Velic seal
Velum lowered
'No mesh' snare [pf'ːʉ̥]
Initial posture
Larynx lowers
Glottis closes
Ejection
Final posture
'Meshed' snare [kçː]
Initial posture
Dorsal constriction
Velar stop
Lingual fronting
Palatal fricative
Rim Shot Effects
Four different snare drum 'rim shots' were demonstrated by the subject. Two effects were realized as dorsal stops, differentiated by their airstream mechanisms. Two other rim shot sounds were produced as lingual ingressive consonants, or clicks.'Rim Shot' effect [k']
Dorsal constriction
Laryngeal lowering
Velic closure
Ejection
Release
'Rim Shot k' effect [kʰhː]
Initial posture
Dorsal constriction
Velar stop
Dorsal lenition
Extended fricative
Rim shot 'sucking in' [ŋ!]
Initial posture
Lingual seal
Palatal rarefaction
Influx
Release
Rim shot 'side K' [ɴǀǀ]
Initial posture
Lingual seal
Palatal rarefaction
Influx
Release
Hi-hat Effects
Five hi-hat effects were demonstrated by the subject, all produced as affricates of rapid stop-fricative sequences. One effect made use of glottalic ingressive (implosive) airstream mechanism.'Open K' hi-hat [ksː]
Initial posture
Dorsal constriction
Velar stop
Coronal constriction
Alveolar fricative
'Open T' hi-hat [tsː]
Initial posture
Coronal constriction
Alveolar stop
Coronal lenition
Alveolar fricative
'Closed T' hi-hat [t̪s]
Initial posture
Coronal constriction
Alveolar stop
Affrication
Final posture
'Closed kiss' hi-hat [ɗ̪ʲʃː]
Initial posture
Palatal constriction
Dental stop
Laryngeal lowering
Final posture
'Breathy' hi-hat [xː]
Initial posture
Velic closure
Dorsal constriction
Velar fricative
Final posture
Cymbal Effects
Two cymbal effects were demonstrated by the subject, both produced as rapid stop-fricative sequences.Cymbal 'with a T' [tɕː]
Initial posture
Coronal constriction
Alveolar stop
Lingual retraction
Palatal fricative
Cymbal 'with a K' [kçː]
Initial posture
Dorsal constriction
Velar stop
Lingual fronting
Palatal fricative